| Regulation Topics
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| Agricultural Swaps
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Summary
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On August 4, 2011, the CFTC held an open meeting to discuss three final rulemakings under the Dodd-Frank Act. Among the rules approved at the meeting was a final rule regarding agricultural swaps.
Summary of the final rule, which will repeal and replace CEA Part 35, generally permitting the transaction of swaps in an agricultural commodity subject to all rules and regulations applicable to any other swap:
- New Part 35 will permit the transaction of swaps in an agricultural commodity subject to all provisions of the CEA – and any rule, regulation, or order thereunder – applicable to all other swaps.
- New Part 35 will also explicitly provide that swaps in an agricultural commodity may transact on a swap execution facility (SEF) and/or Designated Contract Market Regulation|designated contract market]] (DCM) to the same extent that any other swap may transact on a SEF and/or DCM.
- At the August 4 meeting, the Commission only finalized the agricultural swaps piece of the proposed rules (repealing and replacing Part 35). The commodity options final rule was approved at a CFTC Open Meeting, April 18, 2012. more>
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| Algorithmic Descriptions
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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On April 7, 2011, the CFTC and the SEC released a joint study on algorithmic derivatives descriptions. After conducting its analysis, which included meetings with industry leaders, regulators, and academics, as well as comments submitted by the public, the staff offered conclusions. more>
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Proposal Date:
December 9, 2010
Comment Deadline:
December 31, 2010
Study Issued:
April 7, 2011
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| Asset-Backed Securities
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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At an open meeting on January 20, 2011, the SEC finalized rules requiring an issuer of asset-backed securities (ABS) to "perform a review of the assets underlying the ABS and disclose information relating to the review." Rules regarding shelf eligibility conditions for asset-backed securities were re-proposed on July 26, 2011. On October 13, 2010, the SEC adopted an interim final temporary Rule 13Aa-2T concerning the reporting of security-based swap data. Also introduced at this meeting was a new proposed rule to "mitigate conflicts of interest at security-based swap clearing agencies, security-based swap execution facilities, and national security exchanges that post or make available for trading security-based swaps." more>
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| Commodity Pool Operator
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Among the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act are several requirements affecting commodity trading advisors (CTAs), commodity pool operators (CPOs) and investment advisors to private funds. The Securities and Exchange Commission submitted a proposed rule on systemic risk reporting requirements for private fund advisers including hedge funds, CPOs and CTAs in February 2011; the rules became finalized in October 2011.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission participated in the joint rulemaking with the SEC on the reporting requirements, and also proposed its own rules on certain compliance aspects for CPOs and CTAs. These rules were finalized in February 2012. more>
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Final Rule Issue:
February 9, 2012
Effective Date:
July 2, 2012
Compliance Date:
December 2012
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| Commodity Trading Advisor
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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Among the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act are several requirements affecting commodity trading advisors (CTAs), commodity pool operators (CPOs) and investment advisors to private funds. The Securities and Exchange Commission submitted a proposed rule on systemic risk reporting requirements for private fund advisers including hedge funds, CPOs and CTAs in February 2011; the rules became finalized in October 2011.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission participated in the joint rulemaking with the SEC on the reporting requirements, and also proposed its own rules on certain compliance aspects for CPOs and CTAs. These rules were finalized in February 2012. more>
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[[[SEC Final Rule: Reporting by Investment Advisers to Private Funds and Certain Commodity Pool Operators and Commodity Trading Advisors on Form PF]]
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Final Rule Issue:
February 9, 2012
Effective Date:
July 2, 2012
Compliance Date:
December 2012
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| Cross-Border Activities
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Among the provisions of Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act is a requirement that swaps reforms shall not apply to activities outside the United States unless those activities have “a direct and significant connection with activities in, or effect on, commerce of the United States.” The CFTC is tasked with developing a framework for oversight of the swaps market, and to adapt the Commodity Exchange Act to include swaps oversight. The SEC is tasked with developing a framework for oversight of security-based swaps, and to adapt the SEC regulations to include such oversight.
The concern is that swap trading by foreign affiliates of large financial entities pose a systemic risk to the U.S., and thus should be under CFTC jurisdiction. This guidance is meant to be the starting point for discussion with market participants regarding the structure of cross-border jurisdiction. more>
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| Customer Protection
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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After the financial crisis of 2008 and the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, enhancing customer protection has emerged as a major issue. Dodd-Frank contains several provisions intended to restore confidence in the financial markets, including:
Subsequently, after failures at two futures commission merchants within one year - MF Global and Peregrine Financial - the safety of customer segregated funds has come into question by market participants. The CFTC announced additional customer protection regulations to be forthcoming. more>
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| Derivatives Clearing Organizations
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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The CFTC approved its first set of final DCO rules related to the Dodd-Frank Act at its October 18, 2011 open meeting. The final rules cover these five proposed rules:
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| Designated Contract Market
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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At an open meeting on May 10, 2012, the CFTC finalized rules, guidance and acceptable practices under Dodd-Frank Act that, among other things, amend Section 5 of the Commodity Exchange Act ("CEA") concerning designation and operation of contract markets, and add a new CEA Section 2(h)(8) to include the listing, trading and execution of swaps on designated contract markets. The rules were originally proposed on December 1, 2010. more>
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| Disruptive Trading Practices
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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At an open meeting on February 24, 2011, the CFTC proposed an interpretive order regarding disruptive trading practices. The proposal defines as disruptive any practice that:
- violates bids or offers;
- demonstrates intentional or reckless disregard for orderly execution; or
- is of the character of, or is commonly known to the trade as, “spoofing” (bidding or offering with the intent to cancel the bid or offer before execution).
At a May 16, 2013 open meeting, the commission issued interpretive guidance on disruptive trade practices. The guidance summary can be found HERE. more>
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Proposal Date:
March 18, 2011
Comment Deadline:
May 17, 2011
Final Rule Issue:
First Qtr. 2012
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| Dodd-Frank Act
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), named after Senate Banking Committee Chairman Chris Dodd and Chairman of the House Financial Services Committee Barney Frank, was signed into law by President Barack Obama on July 21, 2010. more>
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Proposal Date:
December 2, 2009
Passed U.S. House of Representatives:
December 11, 2009
Passed U.S. Senate:
May 20, 2010
Final Law:
July 21, 2010
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| End-User Exception to Mandatory Clearing
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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The Dodd-Frank Act requires, among other things, that the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), create and implement rules regarding mandatory clearing of swaps transactions. A major topic of contention has been whether end-users should be granted an exception to the Dodd-Frank requirement for mandatory clearing of swap transactions. At its July 10, 2012 open meeting the CFTC approved a final rulemaking that implements an exception to the clearing requirement for non-financial entities and small financial institutions that use swaps to hedge or mitigate commercial risk ("commercial end-users"). more>
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| Executive Compensation
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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Title IX of the Dodd-Frank Act aims to update and enhance investor protection and improve protections in U.S. securities markets. Among its provisions are five sections related to executive compensation:
- Section 951, which requires advisory votes of shareholders about executive compensation and golden parachutes;
- Section 952, which requires disclosure about the role of, and potential conflicts involving, compensation consultants;
- Section 953, which requires disclosure on compensation practices such as pay-for-performance and ratios between CEO and median compensation;
- Section 954, which aims to require compensation claw-back policies; and
- Section 955, which requires disclosure about whether company directors are permitted to hedge decreases in market value of the company's stock.
In 2011 and 2012 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) first proposed and then began finalizing rules related to executive compensation. more>
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| Financial Benchmarks
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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Discussions surrounding possible changes in the regulation of financial benchmarks such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) began in 2012, in the wake of an ongoing scandal involving widespread manipulation of rate submissions by participant banks. While the initial round of fines assessed by regulators such as the CFTC and U.K. Financial Services Authority against Barclays, UBS and the Royal bank of Scotland concentrated on manipulation of LIBOR, the scandal has since widened to include other financial benchmarks such as Euribor, Yen Libor and Swiss Libor.
In January 2013, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published a consultation report and request for comment on financial benchmarks. The report, which included 41 questions upon which market participants are invited to comment, is IOSCO's first step in the setting of policy guidance and principles for benchmarks. On April 16, 2013, IOSCO released its draft Principles for Financial Benchmarks. The deadline for public comment is May 16, 2013. more>
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First Report Released:
January 11, 2013
Consultation Released:
April 16, 2013
Comment Deadline:
May 16, 2013
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| Futures Commission Merchant
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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In accordance with Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFTC has issued several rulemakings and proposed rule changes affecting or involving activities of futures commission merchants (FCMs). A final rule regarding the investment of customer funds was approved at the commission's December 5, 2011 open meeting.
Additionally, at its January 11, 2012 open meeting, the CFTC approved its final rules on the protection of cleared swaps customer collateral in the case of a broker bankruptcy.
At its February 23, 2012 open meeting, the CFTC approved its final rules on certain internal business conduct standards for swap dealers, major swap participants and futures commission merchants. These rules include conflicts of interest and compliance responsibilities.
Finally, at its March 20, 2012 open meeting, the CFTC approved a final rulemaking covering clearing member risk management, clearing documentation and timing of acceptance for clearing, and allocation of bunched orders. more>
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| FX Swaps
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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The Dodd-Frank Act requires most swaps to be traded on an exchange or on a similar system and then guaranteed by a clearinghouse, where the parties would be required to post collateral. However, the act allows the Secretary of the Treasury to make a final determination as to whether foreign exchange transactions should be granted an exemption from the Dodd-Frank definition of swaps. On November 16, 2012, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued it final determination that effectively exempts FX swaps and forwards from mandatory derivatives requirements, including central clearing and exchange trading. more>
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Proposal Date:
October 28, 2010
Comment Deadline:
November 29, 2010
Proposed Determination:
April 29, 2011
Final Rule Issue:
November 16, 2012
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| High Frequency Trading
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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In the wake of the "Flash Crash" of May 6, 2010, the SEC and CFTC formed a joint committee to study emerging regulatory issues. Its conclusions and recommendations, which were released on February 18, 2011, included several areas addressing HFT, including:
- the implementation of minimum quoting requirements by market makers;
- restrictions on co-location and direct access;
- liquidity rules such as penalties for rapid order cancellation; and
- a request for further study and potential regulatory changes. more>
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Proposal Date:
March 18, 2011
Comment Deadline:
May 17, 2011
Final Rule Issue:
First Qtr. 2012
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| Investment Advisers
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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The SEC meeting on June 22, 2011 finalized rules concerning amendments to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as well as registration exemptions for reporting by certain investment advisers. An SEC notice concerning investment adviser performance compensation regulation was published on May 10, 2011. The comment deadline for this proposal is July 11, 2011. more>
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| Mandatory Clearing
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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One of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act is an amendment to the Commodity Exchange Act that would prohibit swap transactions unless it were submitted to a Derivatives Clearing Organization (DCO) for clearing, or if the swap met one of the requirements for exemption. In separate meetings, the SEC and CFTC issued final rules regarding the process for review of swaps for mandatory clearing. more>
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| Market Manipulation
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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Section 753 of the Dodd-Frank Act gives the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) the authority to monitor and enforce "manipulative and deceptive" practices in the swaps, security-based swaps, and commodities markets. The rules are intended to mirror the SEC's Rule 10b-5, a powerful regulation used to combat fraud and manipulation in securities markets. more>
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Proposal Date:
March 18, 2011
Final Rule Issued:
July 14, 2011
Effective Date
August 15, 2011
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| OTC Derivatives
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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OTC derivatives are instruments traded in venues other than on organized exchanges, or designated contract markets. Subsequent to financial crises, which many say were exacerbated by the "opacity" of the unregulated OTC markets, regulators in the United States and abroad have begun enacting and implementing rules concerning OTC derivatives. Most notably, these regulations include the Dodd-Frank Act in the U.S., Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) and EMIR in Europe, and international efforts such as Basel III. more>
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| Off-Exchange Forex
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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On September 10, 2010, the CFTC approved its final rules regarding off-exchange retail foreign exchange transactions. Although the rulemaking pre-dated the Dodd-Frank Act, once the Act was signed in July 2010, the commission's forex rules, along with the forex rules of other regulatory authorities, became a part of Dodd-Frank. Under Dodd-Frank, the CFTC will have jurisdiction over retail foreign exchange transactions, except in the case of entities which fall under the authority of one of the following regulatory agencies ("Prudential Regulators"):
The Act requires that such rules include appropriate requirements with respect to disclosure, record keeping, capital and margin, reporting, business conduct, documentation, and any other standards or requirements as Federal regulatory agencies shall determine to be necessary. more>
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| Orderly Liquidation Authority
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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In accordance with Title II of the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC is required to establish rules regarding the orderly liquidation in case of a default of a "covered financial company," which is defined as financial company that poses significant risk to the financial stability of the United States. The Act outlines the process for the orderly liquidation of such a covered financial company following the FDIC’s appointment as receiver and provides for additional implementation of the orderly liquidation authority (OLA) by rulemaking. more>
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| Position Limits
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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Position limits are intended to protect futures markets from excessive speculation that could cause unreasonable or unwarranted price fluctuations and are sometimes referred to as "speculative position limits", or "speculative limits". The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) authorized the CFTC to impose limits on the size of speculative positions in futures markets. The CFTC issued its final rules on position limits in October 2011. Compliance for spot month positions was to become effective on October 12, 2012, but in September 2012, a U.S. District Court vacated the rule and remanded it back to the CFTC. more>
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Interim and Final Rule:
November 18, 2011
Comment Deadline:
January 17, 2012
Effective Date:
January 17, 2012
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| Swap Dealers and Major Swap Participants
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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The Commodity Futures Trading Commission CFTC has issued numerous rulemakings under Dodd-Frank regarding swap dealers and major swap participants (SD/MSPs) at several meetings between 2010 and 2012. The issues discussed were: duties; registration; conflicts of interest; required compliance policies; reporting and recordkeeping; further defining “swap dealer,” “major swap participant” and “eligible contract participant”; business conduct standards, confirmation; confirmation, reconciliation and compression; swap trading relationship documentation; orderly liquidation termination; and margin requirements for uncleared swaps.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has also issued several rulemakings regarding security-based swap dealers and major swap participants (SB-SD/MSPs). Topics for which rules have been proposed but not finalized include business conduct standards, registration, and swap entity definitions (joint rule with CFTC). The final rulemaking on swap entity definitions, also issued jointly between the CFTC and SEC, was issued on April 18, 2012.
In late 2011, the CFTC began issuing final rules pertaining to SD/MSPs. As of September 2012, the CFTC had finalized all rules except those pertaining to uncleared swaps, margin and capital requirements. Aside from the definitions rules, which were approved jointly with the CFTC, the SEC has not finalized any rules. Topics for which a final rulemaking has been issued can be found in the alert box at the top of the page. Summaries and links can also be found below.
For a comprehensive timeline of swap regulation, visit the Topics Related to Swaps Regulation page. more>
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| Swaps Definitions
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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In accordance with the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFTC and the SEC, in consultation with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, have proposed rules and interpretative guidance under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to further define the terms "swap dealer," "security-based swap dealer," "major swap participant," "major security-based swap participant," and "eligible contract participant."
Under Dodd-Frank, the SEC will have jurisdiction over "security-based" swaps, and the CFTC will have jurisdiction over all other swaps, except for a category known as "mixed swaps" which may have both security-based and non-security-based components. For mixed swaps, the two agencies will have joint oversight responsibilities.
Swaps definitions fall into two categories. "Entity definitions" detail which firms and individuals fall are considered to be subject to dealer and swap participant rules. "Product definitions" detail the types of transactions that are considered to be swaps, security-based swaps, and mixed swaps, and also which products may be exempt from agency oversight. more>
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Proposal Date:
December 22, 2010
Comment Deadline:
February 22, 2011
Final Rule Issue:
April 2012
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| Volcker Rule
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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On October 12, 2011, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Federal Reserve Board, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued its proposed regulation to implement Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, the so-called "Volcker Rule," which would prohibit banking entities from engaging in proprietary trading of derivatives and limit the ownership or sponsorship of hedge funds and other private funds to three percent of Tier 1 capital.
The document proposes which entities will be subject to the prohibitions, and explains the types of financial transactions that will be exempt from the bans. The proposal seeks comment from the public and market participants on 394 questions on such topics as definitions of banking entities, exemptions, types of activities covered under the rule, and compliance considerations. The deadline for public comment was originally set for January 13, 2012, but on December 23, 2011, the House Financial Services Committee requested a 30-day extension to February 13, 2012. The Dodd-Frank Act mandates that the rule become effective on July 21, 2012, followed by a two-year compliance transition. more>
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Proposal Date:
October 12, 2011
Comment Deadline:
February 13, 2012
Final Rule Issue:
July 2012
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| Whistleblower Provisions
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Key Dates
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At an open meeting on August 4, 2011, the CFTC approved its final rule on its whistleblower program. The rule maintains the “discretionary power” of the Commission with regard to the amount awarded to informants.
At an open meeting on May 25, 2011, the SEC issued its final rule under which the whistleblower, in order to be eligible, must "voluntarily provide the SEC with original information that leads to the successful enforcement by the SEC of a federal court or administrative action in which the SEC obtains monetary sanctions totaling more than $1 million.” more>
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| Organizations
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| Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Meetings
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The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international organization, established in 1930, that fosters the cooperation of central banks and international financial institutions. While headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, the BIS has two representative offices in the Hong Kong and Mexico City. The BIS assists central banks and other official monetary institutions in the management of their foreign exchange and gold reserves. more>
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| European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Related Documents
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Meetings
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The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) is an independent European Union regulatory agency that oversees European securities trading across all of the EU member states. ESMA is a part of the European System of Financial Supervision, which consists of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) and the three European Supervisory Authorities: ESMA based in Paris, the European Banking Authority (EBA) based in London and the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) based in Frankfurt. ESMA works closely with the EBA, the ESRB and the EIOPA in order to ensure unity among securities regulators and across various financial sectors.
ESMA was established on January 1, 2011 as part of a new regulatory framework adopted by the EU in the wake of the financial crisis and has replaced the Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR). Steven Maijoor is the current chairman of ESMA. The executive director is Verena Ross and the vice president is Carlos Tavares. more>
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| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Related Documents
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Meetings
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The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created by Congress though the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933 in response the frequent bank failures of the 1920s and early 1930s. As an independent agency, the FDIC is charged with maintaining stability in the U.S. financial system by insuring deposits, supervising financial institutions and managing receiverships.
Additionally, one of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act required the FDIC to establish rules regarding the orderly liquidation of any systemically important financial company encountering a default. more>
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| Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Meetings
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As established under Title I of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) provides, for the first time, comprehensive monitoring to ensure the stability of our nation's financial system. It was passed by the House Financial Services Committee on December 2, 2009 to put an end to “too big to fail” financial firms. It was created as a nine-member council, led by the Treasury secretary, to look out for systemic risks. The FSOC will subject to Fed oversight any nonbank financial companies whose financial distress would pose risks to the financial stability of the United States.more>
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| Joint CFTC-SEC Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Meetings
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The Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues was created on May 11, 2010, five days after the so-called "flash crash" on May 6, 2010, when a single trader mistakenly entered a "sell" order of CME Group's e-Mini S&P 500 futures worth $4.1 billion. The order triggered a frenzy of high frequency trading activity that briefly saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average break 700 points in a matter of minutes. While the market stabilized quickly once the error was discovered, the incident highlighted the potential liquidity problems associated with high speed trading. more>
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| U.K. Financial Services Authority (FSA)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Meetings
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The Financial Services Authority (FSA) was an independent non-governmental body that regulates the financial services industry in the UK. Established by Gordon Brown in 1997 when the Labour party came into power, the FSA was granted statutory powers by the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000. After the FSA "failed to sound the alarm as the financial system went wrong" in 2008-2010, the U.K. made plans for the transfer of regulatory oversight from the FSA to the Bank of England. more>
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| U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Meetings
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Established by Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) will conduct rule-making and enforcement of consumer financial protection laws, promote financial education and monitor financial markets that affect consumers. Many parts of the Dodd-Frank Act relating to the CFPB are planned to go into effect on July 21, 2011. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner is charged with creating the CFPB. On September 17, 2010, Elizabeth Warren was named Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the CFPB. On July 17, 2011, Richard Cordray was nominated as Director of the CFPB, having formerly served as head of the enforcement division at the agency. more>
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| U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Meetings
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The mission of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is to protect market users and the public from fraud, manipulation, and abusive practices related to the sale of commodity and financial futures and options, and to foster open, competitive, and financially sound futures and options markets. more>
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| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
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| Key Pages
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Summary
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Meetings
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The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the U.S. regulatory agency charged with the oversight of securities markets and market participants in the U.S. Its mission is to protect investors, to maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and to facilitate capital formation. Mary L. Schapiro is the current chairman of the SEC. more>
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Sean Owens is director of fixed income at Woodbine Associates, a Stamford, Connecticut-based consulting and research firm serving the capital markets. In addition to his research, he has served on industry panels and roundtables and is a frequent speaker at industry events. His latest work, the "The Fast Track to Central Clearing and Optimal Margin Management," is a comprehensive examination of the impact of new swap clearing and margin rules on asset managers, hedge funds, traders and banking institutions. For more information, or to obtain a copy of the guide, click HERE.
The derivatives markets are about to change in a big way.
The mandated June 10th swap clearing deadline is the line in the sand that will lead to fundamental changes in derivatives trading. Establishing operational readiness - while critical - is only the first step.
The new derivatives paradigm will have broad impact on many elements of asset managers’ and hedge funds’ business, including trading, operations, risk management and cost. Firms expecting to trade derivatives after the Category Two deadline must take definitive, broad-based steps to ensure they are ready. Failure to do so will leave the very heart of their businesses exposed and potentially uncompetitive.
Firms will face new challenges under a cost structure for derivative transactions that rewards generic and standardized products for transferring risk. Those already clearing swaps are beginning to realize the cost impact with clearing costs for swaps between 2.5 to 3 times those of equivalent futures contracts. This dynamic is beginning to impact liquidity and trading across risk-equivalent products. Asset managers and hedge funds are already rethinking approaches to trading these instruments and related risk management practices.